Глаукома у беременных: особенности лечения.
Abstract
В данном обзоре представлена информация об особенностях, частоте встречаемости, патогенетическом механизме, вариантах консервативного, лазерного и хирургического лечения глаукомы у беременных. Цель работы: изучить на основе актуальной информации особенности ведения пациенток с глаукомой в период беременности. Глаукома – большая группа заболеваний глаза, характеризующаяся прогрессирующим снижением зрения вплоть до потери зрительных функций и атрофии зрительного нерва. Патология наиболее распространена среди населения старше 40 лет, но в связи с достижениями в области репродуктивных технологий, доступностью диагностических методик, высокой клинической осведомленностью увеличивается вероятность ведения глаукомы у беременных женщин офтальмологами. Повышенное внутриглазное давление у беременных становится все более часто встречаемой и, следовательно, актуальной проблемой. Наблюдается тенденция к увеличению числа беременных женщин, впервые столкнувшихся с повышением внутриглазного давления. К особенной категории пациентов относится уже выявленная патология в детском возрасте или же глаукома вторичная вследствие перенесенных ранее офтальмологических заболеваний или тяжелой соматической патологии. Все перечисленные категории встречаются в настоящее время и требуют тщательного мониторинга со стороны как офтальмолога, так и акушера-гинеколога. Доказательная база по антиглаукомным препаратам незначительна, имеются клинические эксперименты на животных, результаты которых не всегда можно переносить на человека и ретроспективные исследования. В арсенале врача на данный момент имеется ряд препаратов, имеющих возможные побочные действия для плода, лазерное и хирургическое лечение. Стандартов оказания помощи не существует, поэтому каждый случай должен рассматриваться индивидуально с пониманием физиологии, механизма действия препаратов и их возможными эффектами. Таким образом, глаукома во время беременности и в период лактации представляет серьезную медицинскую проблему, решение которой лежит в плоскости междисциплинарной медицины.
About the Author
Арина ЮрлагинаRussian Federation
References
1. · Marx-Gross S., Laubert-Reh D., Schneider A., Höhn R., Mirshahi A., Münzel T., Wild P.S., Beutel M.E., Blettner M., Pfeiffer N. The prevalence of glaucoma in young people. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2017;114:204–210.DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2017.0204
2. · Mathew S., Harris A., Ridenour C.M.,et al Management of glaucoma in pregnancy. J. Glaucoma. 2019;28:937–944.DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000001456
3. · Strelow B., Fleischman D. Glaucoma in pregnancy: An update. Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol. 2020;31:114–122. DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000641
4. · Colãs-Tomãs T, López Tizón E. Ex-PRESS mini-shunt implanted in a pregnant patient with iridocorneal endothelial syndrome. Eur J Ophthalmol 2020; 30: NP25–NP28. DOI: 10.1177/1120672118820508
5. Razeghinejad MR, Masoumpour M, Eghbal MH, et al. Glaucoma surgery in pregnancy: A case series and literature review. Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41:437–45. doi. 27582594
6. · Tham Y-C, Li X, Wong TY, et al. Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040. Ophthalmology 2014; 121: 2081–2090.DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.05.013
7. · Vaideanu D, Fraser S. Glaucoma management in pregnancy: A questionnaire survey. Eye. 2007;21:341–3. DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6702193
8. · Kapetanakis V, Chan MP, Foster PJ, et al. Global variations and time trends in the prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2016; 100: 86–93. DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2015-307223
9. Green K., Phillips C.I., Cheeks L., Slagle T. Aqueous humor flow rate and intraocular pressure during and after pregnancy. Ophthalmic Res. 1988;20:353–357. doi: 10.1159/000266751.
10. · Wang C., Li A.L., Pang Y., Lei Y.Q., Yu L. Changes in intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness during pregnancy: A systematic review and Meta-analysis. Int. J. Ophthalmol. 2017;10:1573–1579. DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.10.15
11. Akar Y., Yucel I., Akar M.E., Zorlu G., Ari E.S. Effect of pregnancy on intraobserver and intertechnique agreement in intraocular pressure measurements. Ophthalmologica. 2005;219:36–42. doi: 10.1159/000081781
12. Qureshi I.A., Xi X.R., Yaqob T. The ocular hypotensive effect of late pregnancy is higher in multigravidae than in primigravidae. Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 2000;238:64–67. doi: 10.1007/s004170050011
13. · Tolunay HE, Özcan SC, Şükür YE, et al. Changes of intraocular pressure in different trimesters of pregnancy among Syrian refugees in Turkey: a cross-sectional study. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 13: 67–70. DOI: 10.4274/tjod.40221
14. · Kumari, Rashmi et al. “Management of glaucoma in pregnancy - balancing safety with efficacy.” Therapeutic advances in ophthalmology vol. 13 25158414211022876. 28 Jun. 2021. DOI: 10.1177/25158414211022876
15. Paramjyothi P, Lakshmi ANR, Surekha D, et al. Physiological changes of intraocular pressure(IOP) in the second and third trimesters of normal pregnancy. J Clin Diagn Res 2011; 31: 364–366.
16. Omoti AE, Waziri-Erameh JM, Okeigbemen VM. A review of the changes in the ophthalmic and visual system in pregnancy. Afr J Reprod Health 2008; 12: 185–196.PMID: 19435022
17. · Tehrani S. Gender difference in the pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40: 191–200.DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.968935
18. · Efe YK, Ugurbas SC, Alpay A, et al. The course of corneal and intraocular pressure during pregnancy. Can J Ophthalmol 2012; 47: 150–154.DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.01.004
19. · Razeghinejad M.R., Tania Tai T.Y., Fudemberg S.J., Katz L.J. Pregnancy and glaucoma. Surv. Ophthalmol. 2011;56:324–335.DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2010.11.008
20. · Drake S.C., Vajaranant T.S. Evidence-based approaches to glaucoma management during pregnancy and lactation. Curr. Ophthalmol. Rep. 2016;4:198–205. DOI: 10.1007/s40135-016-0112-1
21. · Garg P, Aggarwal P. Ocular changes in pregnancy. Nepal J Ophthalmol 2012; 4: 150–161.DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v4i1.5867
22. · Qureshi IA, Xi XR, Wu XD. Intraocular pressure trends in pregnancy and in the third trimester hypertensive patients. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 816–819. DOI: 10.3109/00016349609054709
23. · Chawla S, Chaudhary T, Aggarwal S, et al. Ophthalmic considerations in pregnancy. Med J Armed Forces India 2013; 69: 278–284. DOI: 10.1016/j.mjafi.2013.03.006
24. Dima AM. Eye and the pregnacy. Oftalmologia 2012; 56: 20–26
25. · Mendez-Hernandez C, Garcia-Feijoo J, Saenz-Frances F, et al. Topical intraocular pressure therapy effects on pregnancy. Clin Ophthalmol 2012; 6: 1629–1632.DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S36712
26. Egorov E.A. et al. The International Guide to Glaucoma. Volume 2. Glaucoma clinic. Moscow – 2016. pp. 162-170
27. · Coleman AL, Mosaed S, Kamal D. Medical therapy in pregnancy. J Glaucoma 2005; 14: 414–416.DOI: 10.1097/01.ijg.0000177214.39244.da
28. · Maul H, Longo M, Saade G, et al. Nitric oxide and its role during pregnancy: from ovulation to delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9: 359–380. DOI: 10.2174/1381612033391784
29. Zimmerman TJ, Kooner KS, Kandarakis AS, et al. Improving the therapeutic index of topically applied ocular drugs. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102: 551–553. DOI: 10.1001/archopht.1984.01040030429017
30. European Glaucoma Society. Terminology and guidelines for glaucoma, 4th Edition. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101: 1–195.
31. Law R, Bozzo P, Koren G, et al. FDA pregnancy risk categories and the CPS: do they help or are they a hindrance? Can Fam Physician 2010; 56: 239–241. doi: PMC2837687
32. Coroi MC, Bungau S, Tit M. PRESERVATIVES FROM THE EYE DROPS AND THE OCULAR SURFACE. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jan-Mar;59(1):2-5. PMID: 27373107; PMCID: PMC5729814.
33. · da Silva Dal Pizzol T, Knop FP, Mengue SS. Prenatal exposure to misoprostol and congenital anomalies: systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod Toxicol 2006; 22: 666–671.DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2006.03.015
34. Karim S.M. Physiological rôle of prostaglandins in the control of parturition and menstruation // J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl. 1972. Vol. 16. Suppl. 16. P. 105–111.DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb53216.x
35. · Sideris E.B., Yokochi K., Coceani F., Olley P.M. Prostaglandins and fetal cardiac output distribution in the lamb // Am. J. Physiol. 1985. Vol. 248. № 6. Pt. 2. H853-8.DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.1985.248.6.H853
36. · Pellegrino M, D’Oria L, DeLuca C, et al. Glaucomadrugtherapy in pregnancy: literature review and teratology information service (TIS) case series. Curr Drug Saf 2018; 13: 3–11.DOI: 10.2174/1574886312666171030125804
37. · De Santis M., Lucchese A., Carducci B. et al. Latanoprost exposure in pregnancy // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2004. Vol. 138. № 2. P. 305–306.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.03.002
38. · Printz M.P., Skidgel R.A., Friedman W.F. Studies of pulmonary prostaglandin biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes as factors in ductus arteriosus patency and closure. Evidence for a shift in products with gestational age // Pediatr. Res. 1984. Vol. 18. № 1. P. 19–24.PMID: 6422431
39. Bausch + Lomb. VYZULTA (latanoprostene bunod ophthalmic solution) 0.024% [package insert]. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration, 2017
40. · Hoy SM. Latanoprostene Bunod Ophthalmic Solution 0.024%: a review in open- angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Drugs 2018; 78: 773–780.DOI: 10.1007/s40265-018-0914-6
41. · Weinreb RN, Ong T, Scassellati Sforzolini B, et al. A randomised, controlled comparison of latanoprostene bunod and latanoprost 0.005% in the treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: the VOYAGER study. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99: 738–745.DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-305908
42. · Salim S. Glaucoma in pregnancy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2014; 25: 93–97.DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000029
43. Naderan M. Ocular changes during pregnancy. J Curr Ophthalmol. 2018 Jan 3;30(3):202-210. doi: 10.1016/j.joco.2017.11.012
44. · Schlote T. Mode of action, clinical profile and significance of beta-blockers in antiglaucoma therapy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2013; 230: 120–126. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1327784
45. · Özcan KS, Güng B, Osmonov D, et al. Management and outcome of topical betablocker-induced atrioventricular block. Cardiovasc J Afr 2015; 26: 210–213. DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2015-030
46. · Ersbøll AS, Hedegaard M, Søndergaard L, et al. Treatment with oral beta-blockers during pregnancy complicated by maternal heart disease increases the risk of fetal growth restriction. BJOG 2014; 121: 618–626.DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12522
47. · Xie RH, Guo Y, Krewski D, et al. Beta-blockers increase the risk of being born small for gestational age or of being institutionalised during infancy. BJOG 2014; 121: 1090–1096. DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.12678
48. · Rayburn W.F., Zuspan F.P. Drug therapy in obstetrics and gynecology. 3rd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby Year Book, 1992. P. 194–197.PMID: 7821867
49. · Brauner SC, Chen TC, Hutchinson BT, et al. The course of glaucoma during pregnancy: a retrospective case series. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 1089–1094.DOI: 10.1001/archopht.124.8.1089
50. · Ho JD, Hu CC, Lin HC. Antiglaucoma medications during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight: a population-based study. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93: 1283–1286.DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2008.157123
51. Kiseleva O.A., Yakubova L.V., Bessmertny A.M. Beta-blockers in modern glaucoma therapy. Review // Ophthalmology. 2013. No. 10 (2). pp. 20-23.
52. · Razeghinejad MR, Nowroozzadeh MH. Anti-glaucoma medication exposure in pregnancy: an observational study and literature review. Clin Exp Optom 2010; 93: 458–465. DOI: 10.1111/j.1444-0938.2010.00526.x
53. · Madadi P, Koren G, Freeman DJ, et al. Timolol concentrations in breast milk of a woman treated with glaucoma: calculation of neonatal exposure. J Glaucoma 2008; 17: 329331. DOI: 10.1097/IJG.0b013e31815c3a5b
54. Wagenvoort AM, van Vugt JM, Sobotka M, et al. Topical timolol therapy in pregnancy: is it safe for the fetus. Teratology 1998; 58: 258–262.
55. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199812
56. )58:6<258::AID-TERA7>3.0.CO;2-B
57. · Brauner SC, Chen TC, Hutchinson BT, et al. The course of glaucoma during pregnancy: a retrospective case series. Arch Ophthalmol 2006; 124: 1089–1094.DOI: 10.1001/archopht.124.8.1089
58. · Morselli PL, Boutroy MJ, Bianchetti G, et al. Placental transfer and perinatal pharmacokinetics of betaxolol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1990; 38: 477–483.DOI: 10.1007/BF02336687
59. · Chung C.Y., Kwok A.K., Chung K.L. Use of ophthalmic medications during pregnancy. Hong Kong Med. J. 2004;10:191–195.PMID: 15181224
60. Kuzelová M., Jurinová J., Jencová D. et al. Development of a withdrawal syndrome in a neonate after long-term therapy of the mother with metipranolol during pregnancy // Cesk. Pediatr. 1993. Vol. 48. № 10. P. 608–610.
61. Kiseleva O.A., Yakubova L.V., Kosakian S.M. Vasilenkova L.V. The effect of antihypertensive drugs on the course of pregnancy in patients with glaucoma: data from experimental and clinical observations 2018. No. 3 (28). pp. 20-26.
62. · American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics. 2001 Sep;108(3):776-89. doi: 10.1542/peds.108.3.776. PMID: 11533352. DOI: 10.1542/peds.108.3.776
63. · Rama Sastry BV, Olubadewo J, Harbison RD, et al. Human placental cholinergic system. Occurrence, distribution and variation with gestational age of acetylcholine in human placenta. Biochem Pharmacol 1976; 25: 425–431.DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(76)90345-2
64. Walter L. The teratogenic activity of pilocarpine, pilocarpidine and their isomers, with special reference to the importance of steric configuration. J Exper 1956; 132: 39–50.
65. · King R.G., Gude N.M., Krishna B.R. et al. Human placental acetylcholine // Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 1991. Vol. 3. № 4. P. 405–411.DOI: 10.1071/rd9910405
66. · Keränen A, Nykänen S, Taskinen J. Pharmacokinetics and side-effects of Clonidine . Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1978; 13 : 97–101. DOI: 10.1007/BF00609752
67. · Holmes L.B., Kawanishi H., Munoz A. Acetazolamide: maternal toxicity, pattern of malformations, and litter effect // Teratology. 1988. Vol. 37. № 4. P. 335–342.DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420370407
68. · Lee AG, Pless M, Falardeau J, et al. The use of acetazolamide in idiopathic intracranial hypertension during pregnancy // Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2005. Vol. 139. No 5. P. 855–859.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.12.091
69. · Rosenfeld C.R., Barton M.D., Meschia G. Effects of epinephrine on distribution of blood flow in the pregnant ewe // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1976. Vol. 124. № 2. P. 156–163.DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33292-6
70. · Netland P. Glaucoma medical therapy: principles and management. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(08)01113-8
71. Wang SK, Chang RT. An emerging treatment option for glaucoma: Rho kinase inhibitors. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8: 883–890. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S41000
72. · Sethi HS, Naik M, Gupta VS. Management of glaucoma in pregnancy: risks or choices, a dilemma? Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9: 1684–1690.DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.11.24
73. · Gardey-Levassort C., Ventura M.A., Thiroux G. et al. An attempt to identify – adrenoceptors in the human placenta // Dev. Pharmacol. Ther. 1984. Vol. 7. № 1. P. 85–88.DOI: 10.1159/000457233
74. · Ozawa H, Azuma E, Shindo K, et al. Transient renal tubular acidosis in a neonate following transplacental acetazolamide. Eur J Pediatr 2001; 160: 321–322. DOI: 10.1007/pl00008441
75. Product information. Trusopt. Merck, 1999. West Point, PA. (Manufacturer’s information: trusopt product monograph. Pennsylvania: Merck & Co Inc, West Point, 1999).
76. · Hoffmanovã I, Sãnchez D. Metabolic acidosis and anaemia associated with dorzolamide in a patient with impaired renal function. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84: 796–799.DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13499
77. · Capino AC, Dannaway DC, Miller JL. Metabolic acidosis with ophthalmic dorzolamide in a neonate. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2016; 21: 256–259.DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-21.3.256
78. · Al-Saleem AI, Al-Jobair AM. Possible association between acetazolamide administration during pregnancy and multiple congenital malformations. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10: 1471–1476.DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S99561
79. · . Falardeau J, Lobb BM, Golden S, et al. The use of acetazolamide during pregnancy in intracranial hypertension patients. J Neuroophthalmol 2013; 33: 9–12.DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0b013e3182594001
80. Worsham G.F., Beckman E.N., Mitchell E.H. Sacrococcygeal teratoma in a neonate. Association with maternal use of acetazolamide // JAMA. 1978. Vol. 240. № 3. P. 251–252.
81. Mcbride W.G. The teratogenic action of drugs // Med. J. Aust. 1963. Vol. 2. P. 689–692.
82. · Dieckmann W.J., Harrod J., Monardo A. The treatment of pre-eclamptic edema with acetazoleamide (diamox) // Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 1957. Vol. 73. № 4. P. 789–800.DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(57)90388-5
83. · Merlob P., Litwin A., Mor N. Possible association between acetazolamide administration during pregnancy and metabolic disorders in the newborn // Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 1990. Vol. 35. № 1. P. 85–88.DOI: 10.1016/0028-2243(90)90146-r
84. · Crane C.H. Effect on fetus of mother taking a diuretic // JAMA. 1957. Vol. 165.DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013185
85. Aerie Pharmaceuticals. Rhopressa (netarsudil ophthalmic solution) 0.02% [package insert]. Silver Spring, MD: US Food and Drug Administration, 2017.
86. · Ergul M, Turgut NH, Sarac B, et al. Investigating the effects of the Rho-kinase enzyme inhibitors AS1892802 and fasudil hydrochloride on the contractions of isolated pregnant rat myometrium. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 202: 45–50.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.04.031
87. · Tahara M, Kawagishi R, Sawada K, et al. Tocolytic effect of a Rho-kinase inhibitor in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192: 903–908. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2004.09.016
88. Sherwood M.B., Migdal C.S., Hitchings R.A. et al. Initial treatment of glaucoma: surgery or medications // Surv. Ophthalmol. 1993. Vol. 37. № 4. P. 293–305
89. Výborný P, Sičáková S, Flórová Z, et al. [Selective laser trabeculoplasty—Implication for medicament glaucoma treatment interruption in pregnant and breastfeeding women]. Cesk Slov Oftalmol. 2017; 73 : 61–63
90. · Migdal C.S., Gregory W., Hitchings R. Long-term functional outcome after early surgery compared with laser and medicine in open-angle glaucoma // Ophthalmology. 1994. Vol. 101. № 10. P. 1651–1656.DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(94)31120-1
91. · McIlraith I, Strasfeld M, Colev G, et al. Selective laser trabeculoplasty as initial and adjunctive treatment for open angle glaucoma. J Glaucoma 2006; 15: 124–130. DOI: 10.1097/00061198-200604000-00009
92. · Wertheim M, Broadway DC. Cyclodiode laser therapy to control intraocular pressure during pregnancy. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86: 1318–1319.DOI: 10.1136/bjo.86.11.1318
93. Fudemberg SJ, Myers JS, Katz LJ. Trabecular meshwork tissue examination with scanning electron microscopy: a comparison of micropulse diode laser (MLT), selective laser (SLT), and argon laser (ALT) trabeculoplasty in human cadaver tissue. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49: 1236
94. · Johnson SM, Martinez M. Management of glaucoma in pregnancy and lactation. Surv Ophthalmol 2001; 45: 449–454.DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6257(00)00209-5
95. · Zehavi-Dorin T, Heinecke E, Nadkarni S, et al. Bilateral consecutive Xen gel stent surgery during pregnancy for uncontrolled early-onset primary open angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2019; 15: 100510. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2019.100510
96. · Ayyala RS, Zurakowski D, Smith JA, et al. A clinical study of the Ahmed glaucoma valve implant in advanced glaucoma. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 1968–1976 .DOI: 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)91049-1
97. Flach A.J. The importance of eyelid closure and nasolacrimal occlusion following the ocular instillation of topical glaucoma medications, and the need for the universal inclusion of one of these techniques in all patient treatments and clinical studies // Trans. Am. Ophthalmol. Soc. 2008. Vol. 106. P. 138–145.
98. · Emanuel ME, Gedde SJ. Indications for a systemic work-up in glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 2014; 49: 506–511.DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2014.10.00
99. · Nouri-Mahdavi K, Caprioli J. Evaluation of the hypertensive phase after insertion of the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve. Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136: 1001–1008.DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(03)00630-5
100. · Pitukcheewanont O, Tantisevi V, Chansangpetch S, et al. Factors related to hypertensive phase after glaucoma drainage device implantation. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12: 1479–1486. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S166244
101. · Lu LJ, Hall L, Liu J. Improving glaucoma surgical outcomes with adjunct tools. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2018; 12: 19–28. DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10028-1239
102. Heinonen OP, Sloane D, Shapiro S. Birth defects and drugs in pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Publishing Science Group, 1977, pp. 357–365
103. · Moore PA. Selecting drugs for the pregnant dental patient. J Am Dent Assoc 1998; 129: 1281–1286.DOI: 10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0425
104. Zeyen T, Coppens G. Medical treatment: the pregnant and nursing woman. In: Giaconi JA, Law SK, Coleman AL, et al. (eds) Pearls of glaucoma management. Berlin: Springer, 2010, pp. 203–205
105. · Morris S, Geh V, Nischal KK, et al. Topical dorzolamide and metabolic acidosis in a neonate . Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87 : 1052–1053. DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.8.1052
Supplementary files
|
1. Неозаглавлен | |
| Subject | ||
| Type | Исследовательские инструменты | |
Download
(423KB)
|
Indexing metadata ▾ | |
|
2. Глаукома у беременных: особенности лечения. | |
| Subject | ||
| Type | Other | |
Download
(61KB)
|
Indexing metadata ▾ | |
|
|
3. сопроводительное письмо | |
| Subject | ||
| Type | Other | |
Download
(339KB)
|
Indexing metadata ▾ | |
Review
For citations:
. National Journal glaucoma. 2023;22(1).
Email this article 